Cambridge, Adolphus Frederick, 1st Duke Of

Having studied at the University of Göttingen, he served in the Hanoverian army and with the British army in the Low Countries, being severely wounded in 1793. He was created Earl of Tipperary and Duke of Cambridge in November 1801 and became a privy councillor in 1802. In 1813 he was promoted field marshal

Shamanism, Southeast Asia and Oceania

Shamanism is prevalent in the Malay Peninsula and in Oceania. Among the Negritos of the Malay Peninsula, the shaman heals with the help of celestial spritis or by using crystals of quartz. But the influence of Indo-Malayan beliefs is noticeable, too (the shaman changing into a tiger, trance achieved by dancing, etc.). In the Andaman Islands the shaman gets his power from

Botosani

Judet (county), northeastern Romania, occupying an area of 1,946 square miles (4,965 square km), and bounded on the north by Ukraine and on the east by Moldova. The Prut and Siret rivers are, respectively, the county's eastern and western borders. Both rivers drain southeastward. Botosani (q.v.) city, a textile centre, is the county capital. Other towns include Trusesti, Nicolae Balcescu, Dorohoi,

East Germany

Formally  German Democratic Republic , German  Ostdeutschland , or  Deutsche Demokratische Republik  European state (1945–90) that now constitutes the eastern portion of the Federal Republic of Germany. See Germany.

Egypt, Egypt as a province of Rome

“I added Egypt to the Empire of the Roman people.” With these words the emperor Augustus (as Octavian was known from 27 BC) summarized the subjection of Cleopatra's kingdom in the great inscription that records his achievements. The province was to be governed by a viceroy, a prefect with the status of a Roman knight (eques) who was directly responsible to the emperor. The first

Steffens, (joseph) Lincoln

After attending the University of California, Steffens studied psychology with Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig and with Jean-Martin Charcot in Paris, which confirmed his basic positivist orientation.

Itard, Jean-marc-gaspard

Itard was originally marked for the banking profession, but, when the French Revolution intervened, he became a military surgeon, initially attached to Napoleon's famous surgeon Baron Larrey. After meeting the Abbé Sicard, the director of a school for

Cromwell, Henry

Cromwell studied at Cambridge University and Gray's Inn, London. During part of the English Civil Wars he served under his father in the Parliamentary army in England and Ireland. Henry became major general of the English forces

Salem

City, seat (1694) of Salem county, southwestern New Jersey, U.S. It lies along the Salem River near the latter's confluence with the Delaware River, 34 miles (55 km) southwest of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was established in 1675 by John Fenwick, an English Quaker. The Friends (Quakers) Burial Ground in Salem has the Salem Oak—a tree 80 feet (25 metres) high that is said to be more than 500 years old—under

Shih-chia-chuang

In pre-Han times (i.e., before 206 BC) it was the site of the city of Shih-i in the state of Chao, and, from Han (206 BC–AD 220) to Sui (581–618) times, it was the site of a county

New Britain

Largest island of the Bismarck Archipelago, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in Papua New Guinea. It is situated 55 miles (88 km) east of the Huon Peninsula of eastern mainland New Guinea. Measuring 370 miles (600 km) long by 50 miles (80 km) at its widest, the crescent-shaped island has an area of approximately 14,100 square miles (36,500 square km) and a 1,000-mile (1,600-km) coastline bordered by reefs. From narrow coastal

Arges

Judet (county), southern Romania. The Transylvanian Alps (Southern Carpathians) and the sub-Carpathians rise above the settlement areas that are found in intermontane valleys. The county is drained eastward by the Arges, Cotmeana, and Teleorman rivers. It was formerly included in feudal Walachia. Agricultural activities consist of vineyard and orchard cultivation

Religion, Salvation Army.

In March 1998 a group of 150 Protestants and Roman Catholics, including youth from the Salvation Army Ireland Divisional Youth Chorus, demonstrated their shared Christian ideals by traveling to Washington, D.C., where they were greeted by and sang for both U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton

Hawksmoor, Nicholas

Hawksmoor began to work for Wren about 1679 and owed his professional advancement

Sohlman, August

As a journalist, Sohlman wrote for a number of the leading newspapers of Sweden and was editor of the influential Stockholm daily

Melissus Of Samos

Greek philosopher who was the last significant member of the Eleatic school of philosophy, which adhered to Parmenides' doctrine of reality as a single, unchanging whole. Although Melissus defended Parmenides, he differed from him in that he held reality to be boundless and of infinite duration (having a past and a present). He is also known as the commander

Carnivore

Opinion is divided as to whether the order Carnivora arose from the ancient creodonts or had a separate and independent origin from the order Insectivora. Most paleontologists now favour the latter view. The Cretaceous insectivore Procerberus seems to be morphologically close to the most primitive carnivores (miacids), the creodonts, and the primitive hoofed

Wahhabi

The political fortunes of the Wahhabi were immediately allied to those of the Sa'udi dynasty. By the end of the 18th century, they had brought all of Najd under their control, attacked Karbala', Iraq, a holy city of the Shi'ite branch

Ammeter

Ammeters vary in their operating principles and accuracies. The

China, An intellectual revolution

An intellectual revolution took place during the first decade of the republic, sometimes referred to as the New Culture Movement. It was led by many of the new intellectuals, who held up for critical scrutiny nearly all aspects of Chinese culture and traditional ethics. Guided by concepts of individual liberty and equality, a scientific spirit of inquiry, and a pragmatic

Bishop, Sir Henry Rowley

Bishop conducted at Covent Garden Theatre (1810), King's Theatre, Haymarket (1816–17), Drury Lane (from 1825), and Vauxhall Gardens (1830). He became professor of music successively at the Universities of Edinburgh (1841) and Oxford (1848) and was knighted in 1842. Bishop composed light

Yanam

Formerly part of the Cola empire, the area came under Muslim occupation in the 16th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries it was the scene of constant warfare between Muslim, British, and French troops. When much of the coastal plain

Cosenza

Latin  Cosentia,   city, capital of Cosenza provincia, Calabria regione, southern Italy, on the Crati River at its confluence with the Busento, north-northeast of Reggio di Calabria. The ancient Cosentia, it was the capital of the Bruttii (an Italic tribe) before it was taken by the Romans in 204 BC. Alaric, king of the Visigoths, died there in 410 and is said to have been buried, together with his treasure

Performing Arts, Nontheatrical Films.

Austrian filmmaker Kurt Mundl (Power of the Earth Productions) in 1998 created an amazing film about butterflies and moths, The Messengers of the Gods--Butterflies. The 49-minute gem was made from 18,000 minutes of film patiently photographed using special lenses. New findings about behaviour were brought to life. It won many awards, including Best of Festival at Chicago's U.S. International

Rundstedt, Gerd Von

An officer in the army from 1893, Rundstedt rose during World

Vratya

Wandering ascetic, member of either an ethnic group or a sect, located principally in the Magadha (South Bihar) region of ancient India. The vratyas lived outside the fold of the dominant Aryan society and practiced their own forms of austerity and esoteric rites. Much speculation regarding the vratyas has left unsettled the question of whether they were forerunners

Syria

As 1996 began, Syria resumed peace talks with Israel. Two rounds of

Scale Worm

The somewhat arched back of the scale worm is covered with flattened pairs of overlapping scales. A

Baby's Breath

Annual baby's breath, up to 50 cm (20 inches) tall, is

Iqbal, Sir Muhammad

Indian poet and philosopher, known for his influential efforts to direct his fellow Muslims toward the establishment of a separate Muslim state, an aspiration that was eventually realized in the country of Pakistan. He was knighted in 1922.